Summaries

All living things have a cellular organization, contain similar chemicals, use energy, grow and develop, respond to their surroundings and reproduce.
All living things must satisfy the basic needs for energy, water, living space and stable internal conditions.
Scientists use classification to organize living things into groups so that the living organisms are easier to study.
Linnaeus devised a system of naming organisms called binomial nomenclature.
Organisms are classified into seven levels: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
Living things are divided into five kingdoms: Monerans, Protists, Fungi, Plants and Animals.

Living Things

	Plants are autotrophs. All plants are multicellular eukaryotes.
	Plant cells have cell walls made of cellulose, chloroplasts to make food, and vacuoles that store water, food and other substances.
	All plants have a two stage life cycle: a sporophyte stage that produces spores and a gametophyte stage that produces sperm and egg cells.
	All plant undergo photosynthesis, the process of using carbon dioxide and water in the presence of light to produce oxygen and food.
	Nonvascular plants are small and lack vascular tissue. They live in moist areas and transport water and food from one cell to another.
	Hornworts, liverworts and mosses are three examples of nonvascular plants.
	Seedless vascular plants have vascular tissue and use spores to reproduce e.g. ferns, clubmosses and horsetails. spores are carried by wind and water.

Introduction to Plants

	All seed plants have vascular tissue and produce seeds. All seed plants also have leaves, stems, and roots.
	A seed has three important parts: an embryo, stored food, and a seed coat.
	Photosynthesis occurs in leaves. Stems support and transport materials between the roots and leaves. Roots anchor plants and absorb water and minerals.
	Gymnosperms have needlelike leaves and grow deep root system. Gymnosperms produce pollen in male cones and egg cells in female cones. Pollination is the transfer of the pollen to the female cone. A sperm cell and an egg cell join in a process of fertilization. The zygote develops into the embryo of the seed.
	Angiosperms produce flowers and fruits. to reproduce, the male parts of the flower produce pollen, while the female part produces eggs. Pollen falls on the stigma. The union of a sperm with an egg is fertilization. The zygote develops into the seed's embryo.
	Angiosperms is two types: Monocots and Dicots.
	Hydroponics is growing plants in solutions of water and nutrients instead of soil

Seed Plants